Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), an autonomous institute of the department of science and technology, has conducted a study on social behaviour of male Asian elephants. 

As human-elephant conflicts increase with time and expanding human range, understanding social behaviour becomes crucial to the conservation and management of elephants.

The Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) is polygynous, with males and females exhibiting different morphologies and adult lifestyles.

Main points of the study: 

• This study is one of the few that examines male associations in species in which males rove between social groups. It provides an example of how ecological differences could possibly drive differences in male societies in related species with similar male reproductive strategies.

• The time spent by male Asian elephants in all-male and mixed-sex groups depended on the age of the male. Adult Asian male elephants preferred to spend their time alone than in mixed-sex or in all-male groups. Besides, old males were found mostly in the company of their peers and less frequently with young males (15 to 30 years of age). 

• Also, young males did not disproportionately initiate associations with old males.

• Adult male Asian elephants are less social than females. They enter musth — a mate-searching strategy for old (above 30 years of age) males, annually. The researchers hypothesised that when the adult males enter musth, dominance relationships may affect the number of mating opportunities they procure. Hence, it might be more crucial for old males than for young males to test strength with each other and settle dominance relationships during their non-musth time.

• On the other hand, since young males associated less with females during musth than non-musth time, they might also be using their non-musth time to search for mating opportunities.

• The team observed male elephants and identified them using features of their ears, tails, and tusks and recorded whether males associated with each other in the presence or absence of females. 

• They considered two possible reasons for male associations — non-musth males may use their time to fight with males of the same age class, who would be of similar sizes, to decide their dominance relationships, and young males might also use their associations to learn from older males about food resources and/or reproductive behaviour.

• Their results showed that all-male groups (in the absence of females) were rare and small. 

• According to the team, social learning from older males did not seem to play a big role in male associations. In contrast, African savannah elephants have been found to spend more time in all-male groups and to form larger groups, and young males preferred to associate with older males.

• The researchers said that this could be due to the difference in the dispersion of food resources in the habitats occupied by the two species.

Elephants in India

• Elephant was declared as the Natural Heritage Animal of India in 2010.

• The current population estimates indicate that there are about 50,000-60,000 Asian elephants in the world. More than 60 per cent of the population is in India.

• Asian elephants are listed as “Endangered" on the IUCN Red List of threatened species. 

• More than 500 people and 100 elephants die every year due to conflict with each other.

Project Elephant

Project Elephant (PE) was launched by the government in 1992 as a centrally sponsored scheme with the following objectives: 

• To protect elephants, their habitat and corridors.

• To address issues of man-elephant conflict.

• Welfare of domesticated elephants.

• India has the largest number of wild Asian Elephants, estimated at 29,964 according to the 2017 census by Project Elephant.

• India has approximately 2,675 captive elephants.

• There are 30 notified elephant reserves in the country.

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