• The World Health Organisation (WHO) announced the inclusion of noma (cancrum oris or gangrenous stomatitis) in its official list of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs).

• This decision was made following a recommendation by the 17th meeting of the Strategic and Technical Advisory Group for Neglected Tropical Diseases (STAG-NTD).

• The recognition of noma as an NTD aims to amplify global awareness, catalyse research, stimulate funding, and boost efforts to control the disease through multisectoral and multi-pronged approaches. 

• Interventions addressing the burden of this devastating disease will contribute to achieving universal health coverage, as they will specifically target pockets of underserved populations. 

Inclusion of noma in the list of NTDs

• The government of Nigeria spearheaded action to have noma included in the list of NTDs. 

• In January 2023, an official request was submitted to WHO on behalf of 32 Member States. 

• The request was supported by a detailed dossier highlighting the burden and distribution of noma and providing evidence to demonstrate fulfilment of the criteria set by WHO. 

• Several partner institutions contributed by sharing information and conducting advocacy.

• The formal process for adding new conditions to the NTD list was established by the STAG-NTD in 2016. 

Since then, the following diseases have been added: 

• Mycetoma (2016)

• Chromoblastomycosis and other deep mycoses (2017; merged in a single group with mycetoma)

• Scabies (2017)

• Snakebite envenoming (2017)

• Noma (2023). 

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs)

• Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) impair the lives of more than one billion people.  

• They are a medically diverse group of conditions that are strongly associated with poverty. 

• They are ‘neglected’ because they are often hidden, concentrated in remote rural areas or urban slums and shantytowns.

• Economically NTDs result in loss of productivity, aggravation of poverty, high household health costs and represent an obstacle to socioeconomic development.

• NTDs generally do not spread widely or rapidly, and so present little threat to the rich, or to inhabitants of high-income countries.

• In most cases, there is low risk of transmission of NTDs outside of the tropics. 

• NTDs distribution is subject to socioeconomic factors, heightened exposure to vectors, unsafe food and water, reservoir hosts and climate.

Noma disease

• Noma, a severe gangrenous disease of the mouth and face, primarily affects malnourished young children (between the ages of 2 and 6 years) in regions of extreme poverty. 

• It starts as an inflammation of the gums, which, if not treated early, spreads quickly to destroy facial tissues and bones. 

• It frequently leads to death, with survivors suffering severe disfigurement.

• Accurate estimation of the number of noma cases is challenging due to the rapid progression of the disease and the associated stigma, which contributes to leaving many cases undiagnosed. 

• Cases of noma are mostly found in sub-Saharan Africa, although cases have also been reported in the Americas and Asia.

• Evidence indicates that noma is caused by bacteria found in the mouth. 

• There are multiple risk factors associated with this disease, including poor oral hygiene, malnutrition, weakened immune systems, infections, and extreme poverty. Noma isn’t contagious but tends to strike when the body’s defences are down.

• Early detection is essential, as therapy is most effective at the early stages of disease when it causes severe swollen gums, known as acute necrotizing gingivitis. 

• Treatment involves antibiotics, advice and support on practices to improve oral hygiene with disinfectant mouthwash (salt water or chlorhexidine could be used) and nutritional supplements. 

• If diagnosed during the early stages of the disease, treatment can lead to proper wound healing without long-term consequences. 

• In severe cases though, surgery may be necessary. 

• Children who survive the gangrenous stage of the disease are likely to suffer severe facial disfigurement, have difficulty eating and speaking, face social stigma and isolation, and need reconstructive surgery.

• Noma is often managed by oral health programmes in endemic areas and collaboration with NTD programmes at operational level can be strengthened, notably by integrating noma within the activities aimed at detecting and managing skin-related neglected tropical diseases (skin NTDs).

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