• Mahmoud Daifallah Hmoud, a seasoned diplomat and legal scholar from Jordan, was elected to serve as a judge at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on May 27.

• Hmoud was appointed following a parallel and independent voting process in the UN General Assembly and Security Council, conducted by secret ballot.

• He will fill the vacancy left by former ICJ president Nawaf Salam of Lebanon, who resigned in January to become the country’s Prime Minister.

• He will hold office for the remainder of judge Salam’s term, which was set to end on February 5, 2027.

• Hmoud has been Jordan’s ambassador to the UN in New York since September 2021 and his other postings include legal adviser and director of the legal department in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

• He is also a former chairman and member of the International Law Commission, a UN expert body that promotes the development and codification of international law.

The International Court of Justice

• The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.

• It is informally known as the “World Court”.

• It was established by the United Nations Charter in June 1945.

• The first members of the ICJ were elected on February 6, 1946, at the first session of the UN General Assembly. The Court held its inaugural sitting at the iconic Peace Palace in The Hague, on  April 18, 1946.

• The Court is composed of 15 judges elected for a nine-year term by the General Assembly and the Security Council of the United Nations. 

• The seat of the Court is at the Peace Palace in The Hague (Netherlands).

• Of the six principal organs of the United Nations, it is the only one not located in New York, USA. 

The Court has a twofold role:

1) To settle, in accordance with international law, through judgments which have binding force and are without appeal for the parties concerned, legal disputes submitted to it by States.

2) To give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by duly authorised United Nations organs and agencies of the system.

• The jurisdiction of the Court comprises all cases which the parties refer to it and all matters specially provided for in the Charter of the United Nations or in treaties and conventions in force.

• The Court can only hear a dispute when requested to do so by one or more States. It cannot deal with a dispute on its own initiative. Neither is it permitted, under its Statute, to investigate and rule on acts of sovereign States as it chooses.

• States which are not members of the United Nations may become parties to the Statute of the Court on conditions to be determined in each case by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.

Composition of the Court

• The ICJ comprises 15 judges, who are each elected to a nine-year term of office and may be re-elected. 

• In order to ensure a measure of continuity in the composition of the Court, one third of the membership is renewed every three years. 

• Judges must be elected from among persons of high moral character, who possess the qualifications required in their respective countries for appointment to the highest judicial offices, or are jurisconsults of recognised competence in international law.

• The Court may not include more than one national of the same State. Moreover, the Court as a whole must represent the main forms of civilisation and the principal legal systems of the world.

• Once elected, a member of the Court is a delegate neither of the government of his own country nor of that of any other State. 

• Unlike most other organs of international organisations, the Court is not composed of representatives of governments. Members of the Court are independent judges whose first task, before taking up their duties, is to make a solemn declaration in open court that they will exercise their powers impartially and conscientiously.

• Members of the Court are elected by the General Assembly and by the Security Council through parallel procedures. 

• Both organs vote at the same time but independently of one another. 

• This system is intended to ensure, as far as possible, that the vote in one organ does not influence the vote in the other. 

• In order to be elected, a candidate must obtain an absolute majority of votes both in the General Assembly and in the Security Council. 

• Currently, 97 votes out of 193 constitute an absolute majority in the General Assembly. 

• In the Security Council, where no right of veto applies for the purpose of the election and no distinction is made between the votes of the permanent and non-permanent members of the Council, eight votes out of 15 constitute an absolute majority.

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